
You will often be prompted to select the geographic transformation when you are projecting data or setting the projection of a data frame in a map document. Here are some concepts that might help you understand what this is all about AND how to make the right selection.
First, "geographic coordinates" are expressed in terms of latitude and longitude. "Latitude" is the north-south angular measure from the equator to the point of interest. "Longitude" is the east-west angular measure along the equator from the prime meridian to the point of interest's longitude. Assuming that the earth is a sphere, geographic coordinates are determined relative to the center of the sphere - these coordinates are called "geocentric latitude and longitude". (See the figure at the right; all figures are from Map Use: Reading and Analysis, 6th edition, ESRI Press.) Read More...